## NULL
| Characteristic | M samples | Final analysis group, M samples = 14991 | Not in final analysis group, M samples = 1861 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal maternal smoking | 1,685 | ||
| Not exposed | 1,201 (80%) | 141 (76%) | |
| Smoke exposed | 298 (20%) | 45 (24%) | |
| Age at DNA methylation sample | 1,685 | ||
| Age 15 | 746 (50%) | 110 (59%) | |
| Age 9 | 753 (50%) | 76 (41%) | |
| Polymethylation score: coefficients for sustained smoking from newborn cordblood meta-analysis, w/ cell-type control (mean-centered) | 1,685 | 0.00 (0.23) | -0.01 (0.24) |
| AHHR: cg05575921 | 1,685 | 77.1 (5.8) | 75.2 (7.4) |
| Pediatric clock | 1,685 | 10.29 (1.88) | 10.52 (1.84) |
| Global methylation | 1,685 | 47.51 (0.80) | 47.42 (0.90) |
| Immune cell proportion (saliva) | 1,685 | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.93 (0.15) |
| Epithelial cell proportion (saliva) | 1,685 | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.07 (0.15) |
| Ancestry categorization from child principal components of genetic data | 1,663 | ||
| African ancestry | 904 (60%) | 78 (48%) | |
| European ancestry | 235 (16%) | 19 (12%) | |
| Hispanic ancestry | 360 (24%) | 67 (41%) | |
| Unknown | 0 | 22 | |
| Child gender | 1,685 | ||
| Boy | 740 (49%) | 107 (58%) | |
| Girl | 759 (51%) | 79 (42%) | |
| Maternal prenatal alcohol use | 1,681 | 173 (12%) | 20 (11%) |
| Unknown | 0 | 4 | |
| Maternal prenatal any drug use | 1,679 | 73 (4.9%) | 11 (6.1%) |
| Unknown | 0 | 6 | |
| Constructed - Poverty ratio - mother's household income/poverty threshold | 1,685 | 2.23 (2.43) | 2.35 (2.55) |
| Any postnatal maternal smoking when child age 1 or 5 | 1,597 | ||
| Maternal smoking at age 1 or age 5 | 590 (39%) | 52 (53%) | |
| No maternal smoking at age 1 and 5 | 909 (61%) | 46 (47%) | |
| Unknown | 0 | 88 | |
| Maternal/primary care giver smoking in month prior to visit (pks/day) | 1,667 | ||
| Less than pack a day | 337 (22%) | 42 (25%) | |
| No smoking | 1,054 (70%) | 115 (68%) | |
| Pack or more a day | 108 (7.2%) | 11 (6.5%) | |
| Unknown | 0 | 18 | |
|
1
n (%); Mean (SD)
|
|||
## [1] "1000002" "1000005" "1000019" "1000020" "1000024" "1000029" "1000041"
## [8] "1000042" "1000047" "1000049" "1000052" "1000066" "1000074" "1000084"
## [15] "1000089" "1000097" "1000099" "1000102" "1000111" "1000129" "1000135"
## [22] "1000138" "1000186" "1000192" "1000199" "1000201" "1000206" "1000207"
## [29] "1000223" "1000227" "1000233" "1000236" "1000237" "1000252" "1000254"
## [36] "1000258" "1000260" "1000271" "1000284" "1000286" "1000291" "1000292"
## [43] "1000293" "1000294" "1000312" "1000315" "1000316" "1000317" "1000324"
## [50] "1000326" "1000342" "1000347" "1000361" "1000369" "1000375" "1000378"
## [57] "1000379" "1000381" "1000389" "1000404" "1000417" "1000418" "1000421"
## [64] "1000428" "1000429" "1000433" "1000459" "1000475" "1000477" "1000478"
## [71] "1000484" "1000486" "1000487" "1000488" "1000498" "1000504" "1000507"
## [78] "1000509" "1000517" "1000538" "1000539" "1000551" "1000552" "1000556"
## [85] "1000558" "1000560" "1000562" "1000568" "1000580" "1000587" "1000601"
## [92] "1000603" "1000604" "1000611" "1000622" "1000624" "1000626" "1000627"
## [99] "1000630" "1000639" "1000653" "1000657" "1000676" "1000680" "1000686"
## [106] "1000697" "1010204" "1010210" "1010321" "1010387" "1010393" "1010509"
## [113] "1010771" "1010826" "1010832" "1010848" "1010959" "1011020" "1011153"
## [120] "1011175" "1011353" "1011369" "1011397" "1011503" "1011842" "1011892"
## [127] "1012113" "1012535" "1012735" "1012785" "1012907" "1012985" "1013006"
## [134] "1013206" "1013228" "1013234" "1013345" "1013973" "1013989" "1014016"
## [141] "1014094" "1014177" "1014199" "1014327" "1014349" "1014511" "1014672"
## [148] "1014983" "1015004" "1025063" "1025091" "1025130" "1025174" "1025180"
## [155] "1025263" "1025279" "1025291" "1025318" "1025330" "1025352" "1025479"
## [162] "1025485" "1025502" "1025530" "1025724" "1025752" "1025796" "1025813"
## [169] "1025863" "1025885" "1025924" "1026023" "1026039" "1026067" "1026095"
## [176] "1026106" "1026140" "1026178" "1026190" "1026201" "1026223" "1026251"
## [183] "1026289" "1026328" "1026340" "1026356" "1026384" "1026417" "1026423"
## [190] "1026439" "1026451" "1026495" "1026528" "1026590" "1026623" "1026667"
## [197] "1026706" "1026728" "1026740" "1026756" "1026801" "1026823" "1026839"
## [204] "1026845" "1026867" "1026895" "1026912" "1026928" "1026934" "1026940"
## [211] "1026956" "1027005" "1027033" "1027077" "1027138" "1027144" "1027194"
## [218] "1027205" "1027316" "1027344" "1027388" "1027449" "1027477" "1027499"
## [225] "1027611" "1027633" "1027649" "1027661" "1027700" "1027738" "1027744"
## [232] "1028015" "1028021" "1028037" "1028043" "1028093" "1028110" "1028148"
## [239] "1028160" "1028198" "1028215" "1028221" "1028293" "1028310" "1028354"
## [246] "1028376" "1028382" "1028415" "1028459" "1028465" "1028471" "1028560"
## [253] "1028665" "1028710" "1028726" "1028732" "1028754" "1028821" "1028859"
## [260] "1028893" "1028926" "1028960" "1028982" "1029003" "1029047" "1029097"
## [267] "1029114" "1029120" "1029142" "1029164" "1029170" "1029203" "1029225"
## [274] "1029253" "1029275" "1029342" "1029358" "1029847" "1029869" "1029914"
## [281] "1029920" "1029936" "1029942" "1049021" "1050167" "1050195" "1050240"
## [288] "1050301" "1050345" "1050478" "1050640" "1050789" "1050917" "1051872"
## [295] "1051927" "1052232" "1052343" "1052393" "1052454" "1052765" "1052971"
## [302] "1053070" "1053220" "1053331" "1054135" "1054252" "1054357" "1054496"
## [309] "1054735" "1065043" "1065093" "1065132" "1065148" "1065459" "1065576"
## [316] "1065760" "1066081" "1066108" "1066164" "1066231" "1066320" "1066364"
## [323] "1066508" "1066558" "1066669" "1066675" "1066770" "1066819" "1066920"
## [330] "1067041" "1067063" "1067091" "1067718" "1067774" "1067835" "1067879"
## [337] "1067918" "1067924" "1068017" "1068112" "1068156" "1068190" "1068306"
## [344] "1068467" "1068495" "1069227" "1069455" "1069605" "1069677" "1069699"
## [351] "1069738" "1069750" "1069877" "1069994" "1088035" "1088041" "1088213"
## [358] "1088235" "1088479" "1089306" "1089334" "1089401" "1090020" "1090042"
## [365] "1090070" "1090092" "1090103" "1090119" "1090125" "1090147" "1090303"
## [372] "1090319" "1090325" "1090347" "1090369" "1090464" "1090547" "1090553"
## [379] "1090608" "1090614" "1090642" "1090658" "1090703" "1090719" "1090731"
## [386] "1090775" "1090836" "1090864" "1090892" "1090931" "1090975" "1091191"
## [393] "1091224" "1091246" "1091424" "1091529" "1091557" "1091624" "1091630"
## [400] "1091646" "1091846" "1091868" "1092056" "1092101" "1092145" "1092206"
## [407] "1092212" "1092406" "1092523" "1092545" "1092701" "1092723" "1092739"
## [414] "1092745" "1092773" "1092828" "1092862" "1092878" "1093022" "1093127"
## [421] "1093133" "1093149" "1093183" "1093238" "1093250" "1093361" "1093400"
## [428] "1093438" "1093466" "1093644" "1093672" "1093711" "1093838" "1093850"
## [435] "1093999" "2000053" "2000561" "2000684" "2001120" "2001463" "2001829"
## [442] "2002200" "2002886" "2004981" "2005168" "2007344" "2008026" "2008288"
## [449] "2008330" "2011110" "2011327" "2012559" "2013309" "2016364" "2016623"
## [456] "2017208" "2017800" "2018469" "2100034" "2100157" "2100322" "2100487"
## [463] "2100500" "2100898" "2102854" "2102977" "2103196" "2104467" "2105194"
## [470] "2105356" "2106410" "2200031" "2200141" "2200837" "2201823" "2202644"
## [477] "2203261" "2203449" "2301176" "2301189" "2303378" "2304199" "2400064"
## [484] "2400213" "2400307" "2400365" "2400585" "2400828" "2401296" "2401432"
## [491] "2401678" "2401720" "2401733" "2402017" "2403223" "2403964" "2404280"
## [498] "2500236" "2500317" "2501170" "2501183" "2501866" "2504041" "2504410"
## [505] "2506463" "2506670" "2506816" "2506971" "2507116" "2507828" "2507899"
## [512] "2600026" "2600084" "2600204" "2600576" "2601258" "2601452" "2602312"
## [519] "2606127" "2606509" "2607634" "2607896" "2609098" "2610281" "2700382"
## [526] "2700599" "2700861" "2701006" "2701190" "2702131" "2703761" "2703965"
## [533] "2705170" "2705280" "2705455" "2705675" "2705989" "2706108" "2707709"
## [540] "2707767" "2707932" "2708164" "2800046" "2800266" "2801896" "2801919"
## [547] "2802057" "2802277" "2802785" "2804576" "2805355" "2806354" "2806891"
## [554] "2808284" "2809652" "2900289" "2900331" "2900674" "2902779" "2904230"
## [561] "3001695" "3008708" "3101029" "3103564" "3104194" "3105614" "3301764"
## [568] "3302475" "3302734" "3303555" "3304648" "3308291" "3403358" "3506019"
## [575] "3601024" "4000048" "4000158" "4000187" "4000462" "4000488" "4001704"
## [582] "4003207" "4005551" "4007575" "4101730" "4103686" "4103880" "4500483"
## [589] "4502135" "4502850" "4504214" "4504829" "4505394" "4506115" "4506238"
## [596] "5000186" "5000296" "5001046" "5001428" "5002029" "5002317" "5003222"
## [603] "5003646" "5004098" "5004975" "5005754" "5100497" "5101166" "5102097"
## [610] "5102631" "5104189" "5104901" "5105120" "5105285" "5105748" "5108091"
## [617] "5111046" "5113934" "5116355" "5116672" "5116892" "5202188" "5202447"
## [624] "5205211" "5205279" "5205318" "5209686" "5212686" "5401167" "5405244"
## [631] "5500013" "5500026" "5500097" "5500262" "5500314" "5500372" "5500495"
## [638] "5500602" "5500657" "5502972" "5503405" "5503913" "5503926" "5504019"
## [645] "5504624" "5504792" "5505199" "5506062" "5600010" "5600049" "5600065"
## [652] "5600227" "5600256" "5600939" "5602076" "5602351" "5602568" "5602623"
## [659] "5602940" "5603729" "5603839" "5604061" "5604223" "5604281" "5605248"
## [666] "6000059" "6000541" "6001032" "6001799" "6100205" "6101495" "6106063"
## [673] "6106351" "6107431" "6108126" "6109015" "6109060" "6109206" "6200011"
## [680] "6200312" "6200943" "6201078" "6300157" "6301033" "6301075" "6400264"
## [687] "6400277" "6401250" "6500290" "6500957" "6501859" "6600022" "6600213"
## [694] "6600242" "6600268" "6600491" "6600705" "6600857" "6600941" "6601047"
## [701] "6601953" "6602075" "6602334" "6602745" "6602907" "6700142" "6700757"
## [708] "6700919" "6701219" "6702577" "6703660" "6800097" "7000281" "7000333"
## [715] "7001604" "7001659" "7002069" "7002603" "7003055" "7003071" "7003615"
## [722] "7003644" "7100204" "7101575" "7102079" "7102684" "7103379" "7106211"
## [729] "7200081" "7200214" "7200285" "7200573" "7201239" "7202775" "7300198"
## [736] "7300460" "7306710" "7403396" "7500312" "7600115" "7600225" "7601570"
## [743] "7700154" "7700604" "7701658" "7702013" "7702194" "7703180" "7800588"
## [750] "7800724" "7800892" "7801189" "7900815" "1000002" "1000005" "1000019"
## [757] "1000024" "1000029" "1000041" "1000042" "1000047" "1000049" "1000052"
## [764] "1000066" "1000074" "1000084" "1000089" "1000097" "1000099" "1000111"
## [771] "1000129" "1000135" "1000138" "1000192" "1000199" "1000201" "1000206"
## [778] "1000223" "1000227" "1000233" "1000236" "1000237" "1000245" "1000252"
## [785] "1000254" "1000258" "1000260" "1000284" "1000286" "1000291" "1000293"
## [792] "1000294" "1000312" "1000315" "1000317" "1000324" "1000326" "1000342"
## [799] "1000347" "1000361" "1000369" "1000375" "1000378" "1000381" "1000389"
## [806] "1000404" "1000418" "1000421" "1000428" "1000429" "1000433" "1000459"
## [813] "1000475" "1000477" "1000478" "1000484" "1000486" "1000487" "1000488"
## [820] "1000498" "1000504" "1000507" "1000509" "1000517" "1000538" "1000539"
## [827] "1000551" "1000552" "1000556" "1000558" "1000560" "1000562" "1000568"
## [834] "1000580" "1000587" "1000601" "1000603" "1000604" "1000611" "1000622"
## [841] "1000626" "1000627" "1000630" "1000639" "1000653" "1000657" "1000676"
## [848] "1000686" "1010204" "1010210" "1010321" "1010387" "1010393" "1010509"
## [855] "1010771" "1010826" "1010832" "1010848" "1010959" "1011020" "1011092"
## [862] "1011153" "1011175" "1011353" "1011369" "1011397" "1011458" "1011503"
## [869] "1011842" "1011892" "1012113" "1012513" "1012529" "1012535" "1012785"
## [876] "1012907" "1012985" "1013006" "1013206" "1013228" "1013234" "1013345"
## [883] "1013973" "1013989" "1014016" "1014094" "1014177" "1014199" "1014327"
## [890] "1014349" "1014511" "1014672" "1015004" "1025035" "1025063" "1025091"
## [897] "1025174" "1025180" "1025263" "1025279" "1025318" "1025330" "1025352"
## [904] "1025479" "1025485" "1025491" "1025502" "1025524" "1025530" "1025724"
## [911] "1025752" "1025796" "1025813" "1025835" "1025863" "1025885" "1025924"
## [918] "1025930" "1025980" "1026023" "1026039" "1026067" "1026095" "1026106"
## [925] "1026140" "1026178" "1026190" "1026201" "1026223" "1026251" "1026289"
## [932] "1026328" "1026340" "1026356" "1026362" "1026384" "1026401" "1026417"
## [939] "1026423" "1026439" "1026451" "1026467" "1026495" "1026528" "1026590"
## [946] "1026623" "1026645" "1026651" "1026667" "1026706" "1026728" "1026740"
## [953] "1026756" "1026778" "1026801" "1026823" "1026839" "1026845" "1026867"
## [960] "1026912" "1026928" "1026940" "1026956" "1026962" "1027005" "1027033"
## [967] "1027049" "1027077" "1027144" "1027194" "1027205" "1027249" "1027388"
## [974] "1027449" "1027499" "1027611" "1027633" "1027649" "1027661" "1027700"
## [981] "1027738" "1028015" "1028021" "1028037" "1028043" "1028110" "1028148"
## [988] "1028160" "1028182" "1028198" "1028215" "1028221" "1028293" "1028310"
## [995] "1028354" "1028360" "1028376" "1028382" "1028415" "1028459" "1028465"
## [1002] "1028471" "1028560" "1028665" "1028687" "1028693" "1028710" "1028732"
## [1009] "1028754" "1028821" "1028859" "1028893" "1028960" "1028982" "1029003"
## [1016] "1029047" "1029097" "1029114" "1029120" "1029142" "1029164" "1029170"
## [1023] "1029203" "1029225" "1029253" "1029275" "1029281" "1029342" "1029358"
## [1030] "1029847" "1029869" "1029914" "1029920" "1029936" "1029942" "1049021"
## [1037] "1050167" "1050195" "1050240" "1050301" "1050478" "1050640" "1050789"
## [1044] "1050917" "1051872" "1051927" "1052232" "1052343" "1052393" "1052454"
## [1051] "1052765" "1052971" "1053070" "1053220" "1054135" "1054252" "1054357"
## [1058] "1054735" "1065043" "1065132" "1065148" "1065576" "1065760" "1065776"
## [1065] "1066069" "1066081" "1066108" "1066164" "1066231" "1066320" "1066364"
## [1072] "1066508" "1066536" "1066558" "1066669" "1066675" "1066770" "1066819"
## [1079] "1066920" "1067041" "1067063" "1067091" "1067718" "1067774" "1067835"
## [1086] "1067879" "1067918" "1067924" "1068017" "1068112" "1068190" "1068306"
## [1093] "1068445" "1068467" "1068495" "1069227" "1069455" "1069605" "1069677"
## [1100] "1069699" "1069738" "1069750" "1069877" "1069994" "1088035" "1088041"
## [1107] "1088213" "1088235" "1088479" "1089334" "1089401" "1090020" "1090042"
## [1114] "1090070" "1090092" "1090103" "1090119" "1090147" "1090214" "1090303"
## [1121] "1090319" "1090325" "1090347" "1090369" "1090464" "1090547" "1090553"
## [1128] "1090608" "1090614" "1090642" "1090658" "1090703" "1090719" "1090731"
## [1135] "1090775" "1090836" "1090864" "1090892" "1090931" "1090975" "1091191"
## [1142] "1091224" "1091246" "1091424" "1091529" "1091557" "1091624" "1091630"
## [1149] "1091646" "1091846" "1091868" "1092056" "1092101" "1092145" "1092206"
## [1156] "1092212" "1092406" "1092523" "1092701" "1092723" "1092739" "1092745"
## [1163] "1092773" "1092828" "1092862" "1092878" "1093022" "1093133" "1093149"
## [1170] "1093183" "1093238" "1093250" "1093361" "1093400" "1093438" "1093466"
## [1177] "1093644" "1093672" "1093711" "1093838" "1093850" "1093999" "2000053"
## [1184] "2000561" "2000684" "2001120" "2001463" "2001829" "2002200" "2002886"
## [1191] "2004240" "2004981" "2005168" "2005757" "2007344" "2008026" "2008288"
## [1198] "2008330" "2011110" "2011327" "2012559" "2013309" "2016364" "2016623"
## [1205] "2017208" "2017486" "2017800" "2018469" "2100034" "2100157" "2100322"
## [1212] "2100487" "2100500" "2100898" "2102854" "2102977" "2103196" "2105194"
## [1219] "2105356" "2106410" "2200031" "2200141" "2200837" "2202644" "2203261"
## [1226] "2203449" "2301176" "2301189" "2303378" "2400064" "2400213" "2400307"
## [1233] "2400365" "2400585" "2400828" "2401296" "2401432" "2401678" "2401720"
## [1240] "2401733" "2403223" "2403964" "2500236" "2500317" "2501170" "2501866"
## [1247] "2504410" "2506670" "2506816" "2506971" "2507116" "2507828" "2507899"
## [1254] "2600026" "2600084" "2600204" "2600576" "2601258" "2601452" "2602312"
## [1261] "2606127" "2606509" "2607634" "2607896" "2609098" "2610281" "2700382"
## [1268] "2700599" "2700861" "2701006" "2701190" "2701598" "2702131" "2703761"
## [1275] "2703965" "2705170" "2705280" "2705455" "2705675" "2705989" "2706108"
## [1282] "2707709" "2707767" "2707932" "2708164" "2800046" "2800266" "2801896"
## [1289] "2801919" "2802057" "2802277" "2802785" "2804576" "2806354" "2806891"
## [1296] "2808284" "2809652" "2900137" "2900289" "2900331" "2900593" "2900674"
## [1303] "2902779" "2904230" "2904696" "3001695" "3008708" "3101029" "3103564"
## [1310] "3104194" "3105614" "3301764" "3302475" "3302734" "3303555" "3304648"
## [1317] "3403358" "3506019" "3601024" "4000048" "4000158" "4000462" "4000488"
## [1324] "4000527" "4003207" "4007575" "4101730" "4103686" "4500483" "4502135"
## [1331] "4502850" "4504214" "4504829" "4505394" "4506115" "4506238" "5000296"
## [1338] "5001046" "5001428" "5002029" "5002317" "5003222" "5003646" "5004098"
## [1345] "5004975" "5005754" "5100497" "5102097" "5102631" "5104189" "5104901"
## [1352] "5105120" "5105285" "5105748" "5108091" "5111046" "5113934" "5116355"
## [1359] "5116672" "5116892" "5202188" "5202447" "5205211" "5205279" "5205318"
## [1366] "5212686" "5401167" "5405244" "5500013" "5500026" "5500097" "5500136"
## [1373] "5500262" "5500314" "5500372" "5500495" "5500657" "5500686" "5502972"
## [1380] "5503405" "5503816" "5503913" "5504019" "5504624" "5504637" "5504792"
## [1387] "5505199" "5505872" "5506062" "5506457" "5600010" "5600049" "5600065"
## [1394] "5600227" "5600256" "5600939" "5601695" "5602076" "5602351" "5602568"
## [1401] "5602623" "5602940" "5603729" "5604061" "5604223" "5605248" "6000059"
## [1408] "6000541" "6000619" "6001032" "6001799" "6100205" "6101275" "6101495"
## [1415] "6106351" "6106490" "6106607" "6107431" "6107622" "6108126" "6108223"
## [1422] "6109015" "6109060" "6109206" "6200011" "6200312" "6200943" "6201078"
## [1429] "6300063" "6300157" "6300568" "6301033" "6301075" "6400264" "6400277"
## [1436] "6401250" "6500290" "6500562" "6500957" "6501859" "6600022" "6600213"
## [1443] "6600242" "6600268" "6600491" "6600705" "6600941" "6601047" "6601953"
## [1450] "6602075" "6602334" "6602745" "6700142" "6700919" "6702577" "6702962"
## [1457] "6703660" "6800097" "7000281" "7000333" "7001604" "7001659" "7002069"
## [1464] "7002603" "7003055" "7003071" "7003615" "7003644" "7100204" "7101575"
## [1471] "7102079" "7102684" "7103379" "7106211" "7200081" "7200214" "7200285"
## [1478] "7200573" "7201239" "7300198" "7300460" "7306710" "7403396" "7500312"
## [1485] "7600115" "7600225" "7601570" "7700154" "7700604" "7701658" "7702013"
## [1492] "7702194" "7703180" "7800588" "7800724" "7800892" "7801189" "7900420"
## [1499] "7900815"
## attr(,"label")
## idnum
## "ID"
## png
## 2
| Characteristic | Age 9 | Age 15 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Not exposed, N = 5981 | Smoke exposed, N = 1551 | p-value2 | N | Not exposed, N = 6031 | Smoke exposed, N = 1431 | p-value2 | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Polymethylation score for smoke exposure | 753 | -0.04 (0.22) | 0.08 (0.22) | <0.001 | 746 | -0.01 (0.22) | 0.11 (0.23) | <0.001 |
| AHRR gene: percent cg05575921 methylation | 753 | 77.8 (5.2) | 76.8 (5.6) | 0.047 | 746 | 77 (6) | 76 (6) | 0.2 |
| Pediatric epigenetic clock (years) | 753 | 8.98 (0.75) | 8.94 (0.83) | 0.6 | 746 | 11.62 (1.75) | 11.59 (1.70) | 0.9 |
| Percent global DNA methylation | 753 | 47.51 (0.74) | 47.59 (0.78) | 0.3 | 746 | 47.48 (0.85) | 47.58 (0.83) | 0.2 |
| Immune cell proportion (saliva) | 753 | 0.96 (0.10) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.4 | 746 | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.92 (0.14) | >0.9 |
| Epithelial cell proportion (saliva) | 753 | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.4 | 746 | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.08 (0.14) | >0.9 |
| Ancestry categorization from child principal components of genetic data | 753 | 0.001 | 746 | 0.001 | ||||
| African ancestry | 355 (59%) | 97 (63%) | 364 (60%) | 88 (62%) | ||||
| European ancestry | 82 (14%) | 35 (23%) | 84 (14%) | 34 (24%) | ||||
| Hispanic ancestry | 161 (27%) | 23 (15%) | 155 (26%) | 21 (15%) | ||||
| Child gender | 753 | 0.8 | 746 | 0.9 | ||||
| Boy | 300 (50%) | 76 (49%) | 295 (49%) | 69 (48%) | ||||
| Girl | 298 (50%) | 79 (51%) | 308 (51%) | 74 (52%) | ||||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal prenatal alcohol use | 753 | 44 (7.4%) | 47 (30%) | <0.001 | 746 | 40 (6.6%) | 42 (29%) | <0.001 |
| Maternal prenatal any drug use | 753 | 10 (1.7%) | 26 (17%) | <0.001 | 746 | 9 (1.5%) | 28 (20%) | <0.001 |
| Maternal income to poverty threshold (at baseline) | 753 | 2.41 (2.57) | 1.52 (1.56) | <0.001 | 746 | 2.41 (2.58) | 1.49 (1.57) | <0.001 |
| Postnatal maternal smoking at ages 1 or 5 | 753 | <0.001 | 746 | <0.001 | ||||
| No maternal smoking at age 1 and 5 | 447 (75%) | 7 (4.5%) | 448 (74%) | 7 (4.9%) | ||||
| Maternal smoking at age 1 or age 5 | 151 (25%) | 148 (95%) | 155 (26%) | 136 (95%) | ||||
| Postnatal primary caregiver smoking in past month prior to visit | 753 | <0.001 | 746 | <0.001 | ||||
| No smoking | 476 (80%) | 23 (15%) | 511 (85%) | 44 (31%) | ||||
| Less than pack a day | 95 (16%) | 85 (55%) | 80 (13%) | 77 (54%) | ||||
| Pack or more a day | 27 (4.5%) | 47 (30%) | 12 (2.0%) | 22 (15%) | ||||
|
1
Mean (SD); n (%)
2
Welch Two Sample t-test; Pearson's Chi-squared test
|
||||||||
| Characteristic | Age 9 | Age 15 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Not exposed, N = 5981 | Smoke exposed, N = 1551 | p-value2 | N | Not exposed, N = 6031 | Smoke exposed, N = 1431 | p-value2 | |
| Percent global DNA methylation | 753 | 47.51 (0.74) | 47.59 (0.78) | 0.3 | 746 | 47.48 (0.85) | 47.58 (0.83) | 0.2 |
| Island methylation | 753 | 18.96 (0.61) | 19.06 (0.59) | 0.057 | 746 | 19.05 (0.61) | 19.14 (0.56) | 0.10 |
| Open Sea methylation | 753 | 70.36 (1.05) | 70.41 (1.11) | 0.6 | 746 | 70.23 (1.23) | 70.35 (1.22) | 0.3 |
| Shelf methylation | 753 | 75.33 (1.04) | 75.35 (1.10) | 0.9 | 746 | 75.19 (1.23) | 75.30 (1.21) | 0.4 |
| Shore methylation | 753 | 44.05 (0.82) | 44.16 (0.86) | 0.2 | 746 | 44.03 (0.94) | 44.15 (0.90) | 0.2 |
| Pediatric epigenetic clock (years) | 753 | 8.98 (0.75) | 8.94 (0.83) | 0.6 | 746 | 11.62 (1.75) | 11.59 (1.70) | 0.9 |
| GRIM epigenetic clock (years) | 753 | 24.7 (3.5) | 24.5 (3.2) | 0.6 | 746 | 30.4 (4.0) | 30.2 (4.2) | 0.6 |
| GRIM pack/yrs component | 753 | -5.7 (4.7) | -4.7 (5.0) | 0.033 | 746 | -4.0 (5.3) | -3.6 (5.1) | 0.4 |
| Epithelial cell proportion (saliva) | 753 | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.4 | 746 | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.08 (0.14) | >0.9 |
| Immune cell proportion (saliva) | 753 | 0.96 (0.10) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.4 | 746 | 0.92 (0.15) | 0.92 (0.14) | >0.9 |
| Polymethylation score for smoke exposure | 753 | -0.04 (0.22) | 0.08 (0.22) | <0.001 | 746 | -0.01 (0.22) | 0.11 (0.23) | <0.001 |
| Polymethylation score: coefficients for sustained smoking from newborn cordblood meta-analysis (mean-centered) | 753 | -0.06 (0.29) | 0.05 (0.27) | <0.001 | 746 | 0.01 (0.31) | 0.12 (0.31) | <0.001 |
| Polymethylation score: coeffcients for sustained smoking from older children peripheral blood meta-analysis (mean-centered) | 753 | -0.02 (0.23) | 0.09 (0.25) | <0.001 | 746 | -0.02 (0.27) | 0.07 (0.28) | <0.001 |
| Polymethylation score: coefficients for any smoking from newborn cordblood meta-analysis (mean-centered) | 753 | -0.04 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.19) | <0.001 | 746 | 0.01 (0.22) | 0.09 (0.22) | <0.001 |
| AHRR gene: percent cg05575921 methylation | 753 | 77.8 (5.2) | 76.8 (5.6) | 0.047 | 746 | 77 (6) | 76 (6) | 0.2 |
| MYO1G: cg04180046 | 753 | 35 (7) | 39 (8) | <0.001 | 746 | 35 (8) | 38 (8) | <0.001 |
| CYP1A1: cg05549655 | 753 | 18.7 (5.1) | 20.9 (5.5) | <0.001 | 746 | 18.2 (5.2) | 20.5 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| GFI1: cg14179389 | 753 | 5.67 (2.81) | 4.89 (2.62) | 0.001 | 746 | 5.73 (2.87) | 4.73 (1.79) | <0.001 |
| MYO1G: cg22132788 | 753 | 69 (10) | 73 (9) | <0.001 | 746 | 67 (11) | 70 (12) | 0.006 |
|
1
Mean (SD)
2
Welch Two Sample t-test
|
||||||||
## png
## 2
| Characteristic | Global methylation | Pediatric clock | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | AHRR: cg05575921 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | |
| African ancestry | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 904 | 0.01 | 0.01, 0.02 | <0.001 | 904 | -0.21 | -0.40, -0.02 | 0.032 | 904 | 0.41 | 0.31, 0.51 | <0.001 | 904 | -1.0 | -1.5, -0.55 | <0.001 |
| European ancestry | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 235 | 0.01 | 0.01, 0.02 | <0.001 | 235 | 0.03 | -0.18, 0.25 | 0.8 | 235 | 0.60 | 0.39, 0.81 | <0.001 | 235 | -1.2 | -1.9, -0.41 | 0.003 |
| Hispanic ancestry | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 360 | 0.00 | -0.01, 0.01 | 0.4 | 360 | -0.05 | -0.38, 0.28 | 0.8 | 360 | 0.36 | 0.16, 0.56 | <0.001 | 360 | -0.55 | -1.5, 0.39 | 0.2 |
| Unstratified | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 1499 | 0.01 | 0.01, 0.02 | <0.001 | 1499 | -0.17 | -0.31, -0.03 | 0.020 | 1499 | 0.42 | 0.34, 0.50 | <0.001 | 1499 | -0.92 | -1.3, -0.54 | <0.001 |
|
1
CI = Confidence Interval
|
||||||||||||||||
| Characteristic | Global methylation | Pediatric clock | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | AHRR: cg05575921 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | |
| Age 9 models | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 753 | 0.02 | -0.08, 0.12 | 0.6 | 753 | -0.07 | -0.18, 0.04 | 0.2 | 753 | 0.52 | 0.36, 0.67 | <0.001 | 753 | -1.0 | -1.7, -0.35 | 0.003 |
| Age 15 models | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 746 | 0.09 | -0.02, 0.20 | 0.12 | 746 | -0.04 | -0.24, 0.16 | 0.7 | 746 | 0.46 | 0.30, 0.62 | <0.001 | 746 | -0.80 | -1.6, -0.02 | 0.043 |
| Longitudinal models | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 1499 | 0.05 | -0.03, 0.14 | 0.2 | 1499 | -0.02 | -0.16, 0.11 | 0.7 | 1499 | 0.48 | 0.34, 0.62 | <0.001 | 1499 | -0.92 | -1.5, -0.35 | 0.002 |
|
1
CI = Confidence Interval
|
||||||||||||||||
| Characteristic | Global methylation | Pediatric clock | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | AHRR: cg05575921 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | N | Beta | 95% CI1 | p-value | |
| African ancestry | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 904 | 0.05 | -0.05, 0.16 | 0.3 | 904 | 0.05 | -0.13, 0.22 | 0.6 | 904 | 0.53 | 0.34, 0.71 | <0.001 | 904 | -1.2 | -1.9, -0.46 | 0.001 |
| European ancestry | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 235 | -0.07 | -0.27, 0.12 | 0.5 | 235 | 0.01 | -0.24, 0.25 | >0.9 | 235 | 0.41 | 0.04, 0.77 | 0.030 | 235 | -1.2 | -2.5, 0.01 | 0.052 |
| Hispanic ancestry | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 360 | 0.11 | -0.10, 0.31 | 0.3 | 360 | -0.28 | -0.63, 0.06 | 0.11 | 360 | 0.25 | -0.08, 0.58 | 0.13 | 360 | 0.30 | -1.1, 1.7 | 0.7 |
| Unstratified | ||||||||||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoke exposed | 1499 | 0.05 | -0.03, 0.14 | 0.2 | 1499 | -0.02 | -0.16, 0.11 | 0.7 | 1499 | 0.48 | 0.34, 0.62 | <0.001 | 1499 | -0.92 | -1.5, -0.35 | 0.002 |
|
1
CI = Confidence Interval
|
||||||||||||||||
n n_total children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. Base model: Child sex, maternal income to poverty ratio, immune cell proportion, plate, 1st two principal components from PCA on child genetic data, child age. Prenatal exposures model: base model + yes/no any prenatal maternal alcohol use, yes/no any prenatal other drug use. Secondhand smoking models: prenatal exposures model + yes/no any postnatal maternal/primary care giver smoking at age 1 or 5, pk/day in month prior to primary caregiver/maternal interview at age 9 or 15. Surrogate variable: including all surrogate variables| Age | Model | AUC | P value vs base model | P value vs base model + polymethylation score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 9 | Global methylation | 0.53 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.66 | 0.0514 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | AHRR: cg05575921 | 0.55 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | Base model+No methylation | 0.73 | 1.0000 | 0.0003 |
| Age 9 | Base model+Global methylation | 0.73 | 0.3522 | 0.0004 |
| Age 9 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.77 | 0.0003 | 1.0000 |
| Age 9 | Base model+AHRR: cg05575921 | 0.74 | 0.1639 | 0.0256 |
| Age 15 | Global methylation | 0.54 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.65 | 0.0274 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | AHRR: cg05575921 | 0.53 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | Base model+No methylation | 0.72 | 1.0000 | 0.0008 |
| Age 15 | Base model+Global methylation | 0.72 | 0.3976 | 0.0008 |
| Age 15 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.77 | 0.0008 | 1.0000 |
| Age 15 | Base model+AHRR: cg05575921 | 0.73 | 0.4670 | 0.0056 |
| Age | Model | AUC | P value vs base model | P value vs base model + polymethylation score with cell-type control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 9 | Any smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.6197 | 0.0010 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.6650 | 0.0514 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.6178 | 0.0008 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (older children) | 0.6333 | 0.0037 | 0.0000 |
| Age 9 | Base model+No methylation | 0.7260 | 1.0000 | 0.0003 |
| Age 9 | Base model+Any smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.7597 | 0.0033 | 0.0117 |
| Age 9 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.7741 | 0.0003 | 1.0000 |
| Age 9 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.7596 | 0.0032 | 0.0120 |
| Age 9 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (older children) | 0.7676 | 0.0009 | 0.4602 |
| Age 15 | Any smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.6062 | 0.0007 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.6471 | 0.0274 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.6054 | 0.0006 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | Sustained smoking polymethylation score (older children) | 0.5921 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 |
| Age 15 | Base model+No methylation | 0.7213 | 1.0000 | 0.0008 |
| Age 15 | Base model+Any smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.7565 | 0.0012 | 0.0966 |
| Age 15 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns, cell-type controlled) | 0.7669 | 0.0008 | 1.0000 |
| Age 15 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (newborns) | 0.7566 | 0.0012 | 0.1073 |
| Age 15 | Base model+Sustained smoking polymethylation score (older children) | 0.7533 | 0.0078 | 0.1022 |